"Automated classification of apoptosis in phase-contrast microscopy using capsule network." IEEE transactions on medical imaging 39, no. 1 (2019): 1-10.
Automatic and accurate classification of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, will facilitate cell biology research. State-of-the-art approaches in apoptosis classification use deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, these networks are not efficient in encoding the part-whole relationships, thus requiring a large number of training samples to achieve robust generalization. This paper proposes an efficient variant of capsule networks (CapsNets) as an alternative to CNNs. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CapsNets achieve competitive performances in target cell apoptosis classification, while significantly outperforming CNNs when the number of training samples is small. To utilize temporal information within microscopy videos, we propose a recurrent capsule network constructed by stacking a CapsNet and a bi-directional long short-term recurrent structure. Our experiments show that when considering temporal constraints, recurrent capsule network achieves 93.8% accuracy and makes significantly more consistent prediction compared to CNNs.